备考托福的小伙伴们,是不是常常有这样的烦恼:明明感觉自己在...
备考托福的小伙伴们,是不是常常有这样的烦恼:明明感觉自己在写作上花了不少功夫,背了很多单词、积累了好多素材,可托福写作的分数却总是差强人意?20 分出头的*,仿佛一道难以跨越的坎,让人无比沮丧。想当初,我备考托福的时候,也深陷这样的困境。每次看到写作分数,都满心疑惑:问题到底出在哪里呢? 后来我才发现,很多时候,问题就藏在文章的结构里。
托福写作评分大揭秘托福写作的评分,可不是随随便便打个分那么简单,它有着一套严谨的评分体系,主要从四个维度进行考量:内容切题(Task Response)、结构组织(Organization)、语言运用(Language Use)和内容发展(Development)。在这其中,结构组织清晰的重要性不容小觑,它就像是文章的骨骼,支撑起整个内容的框架,在评分中占据着相当可观的比重。当考官批改作文时,首先映入眼帘的就是文章的整体结构。如果你的文章结构混乱,段落之间逻辑不清晰,就算内容再丰富、语言再华丽,考官也很难 get 到你的观点,分数自然高不了。相反,要是结构清晰,观点一目了然,就能让考官迅速理解你的论证思路,印象分直接拉满,在内容和语言相差不大的情况下,结构清晰的文章往往能比结构混乱的高出 3 - 5 分 ,而这几分的差距,很可能就决定了你能否被心仪的学校录取。
高分文章结构大盘点了解了结构在托福写作评分中的重要性后,接下来就给大家分享两种常见且好用的高分文章结构 。经典五段式结构五段式结构堪称托福写作的 “模板”,它由开头段、两个主体段、一个让步段和结尾段构成。开头段的使命是引出主题,并清晰表明自己的观点,就像在黑暗中点亮一盏明灯,为读者指引方向。比如,在讨论 “是否应该鼓励学生参加课外活动” 这个话题时,开头段可以这样写:“In modern society, the education of students has always been a hot - button issue. With the increasing emphasis on all - round development, the question of whether students should be encouraged to participate in extracurricular activities has sparked a heated debate. From my perspective, it is highly beneficial to encourage students to engage in various extracurricular activities.” 先用社会热点引出话题,再直截了当地表明自己的立场。主体段是文章的核心部分,每个主体段都要提出一个分论点,并通过举例、对比、因果等论证方法进行详细论证。例如,第*个主体段的分论点可以是 “Extracurricular activities can help students develop their interests and talents.” 接着举例说明:“For instance, many students who are interested in music can join the school choir or band. By participating in regular rehearsals and performances, they not only improve their musical skills but also have the opportunity to showcase their talents on stage.” 第二个主体段同样如此,提出不同的分论点并论证,让文章的观点更具说服力。让步段则体现了考生的思辨能力,先承认反方观点有一定的合理性,再进行反驳。比如:“Admittedly, some people may argue that participating in extracurricular activities will take up a lot of students" study time. It is true that if not properly arranged, students may be overwhelmed. However, as long as students can manage their time effectively, the negative impact can be minimized.” 这样的论述展现出考生全面思考问题的能力。结尾段要对全文进行总结,再次强调自己的观点,还可以适当升华主题,给读者留下深刻的印象。“In conclusion, encouraging students to participate in extracurricular activities is of great significance. It not only helps them develop their interests and talents but also improves their social skills and time - management ability. Only in this way can students achieve all - round development and better adapt to the challenges of future society.”
简洁高效四段式四段式结构,即开头段、两个主体段和结尾段,它的特点在于简洁明了,能在有限的段落内紧凑地表达观点 。开头段和结尾段与五段式结构的作用类似,不过在表述上更加简洁扼要。重点说说两个主体段,在四段式结构中,这两个主体段需要承担更深入的论证任务。每个主体段可以先提出一个较为复杂或涵盖面广的分论点,然后从多个角度进行论证。比如,以 “Technology has made children less creative than they were in the past” 这个话题为例,第*个主体段提出分论点 “Technology - based entertainment, such as video games and TV, restricts children"s imagination” 。在论证时,可以从视频游戏和电视的特点入手,指出它们呈现给孩子的是既定的画面和情节,孩子无需自己想象,缺乏主动思考和创造的过程;还能通过对比过去孩子没有这些科技产品时,更多地参与户外活动、角色扮演等,这些活动充分激发了他们的想象力和创造力。第二个主体段同样深入论证另一个分论点,使文章逻辑连贯,论证有力。
段落构建有妙招了解了高分文章结构,接下来深入探讨每个段落的构建技巧 ,让文章的结构更加完美。· 开头段:抓住考官眼球开头段是文章给考官的第*印象,至关重要。在写开头段时,尽量避免使用千篇一律的模板,不然很容易引起考官的反感。可以运用以下几种方法,让开头更具吸引力 。列举背景法:通过描述与话题相关的社会现象、趋势等背景信息,自然地引出话题。比如在写关于 “网络对教育的影响” 的作文时,可以这样开头:“In the digital age, the Internet has permeated every aspect of our lives, and education is no exception. With the popularization of online courses and educational apps, the traditional educational model is undergoing profound changes.” 这样的开头,让考官感受到你对社会现象的敏锐观察,也能迅速将话题聚焦到网络与教育的关系上。提问法:提出一个引人深思的问题,激发考官的好奇心,引导他们继续阅读寻找答案。例如,讨论 “是否应该限制私家车的使用” 时,开头可以是:“With the increasing number of private cars on the roads, traffic congestion and environmental pollution have become more and more serious problems. But the question is, should we impose restrictions on the use of private cars?” 这个问题直接切入主题,引发考官对私家车使用问题的思考。故事法:讲述一个简短而相关的小故事,使文章更具趣味性。假设要写 “坚持的重要性”,可以讲一个运动员通过坚持不懈的努力最终获得成功的故事:“Michael Jordan, one of the greatest basketball players of all time, was once cut from his high school basketball team. But he didn"t give up. Instead, he kept practicing day and night. His perseverance paid off, and he became a legend in the basketball world. This story vividly shows the significance of perseverance.” 用故事引出主题,更能打动人心 。无论使用哪种方法,开头段都要简洁明了,迅速引出文章主题和个人观点,为下文的论述做好铺垫。
· 主体段:论证有理有据主体段是文章论证的核心部分,每个主体段都要有清晰的主题句和充分的论证内容 。主题句写作要点:主题句必须是陈述句,清晰表明观点,态度要坚决但不过于极端,同时每段都要有主题句 。比如,在论述 “旅游的好处” 时,主题句可以是 “Traveling can broaden our horizons and enrich our life experience.” 这句话明确表达了旅游能开阔视野和丰富生活体验的观点,让考官一眼就能明白该段的主旨。论证方法多样:运用多种论证方法,能使分论点得到更充分的支持。举例法:通过具体的例子来证明观点,使论证更具说服力。比如论证 “科技改变生活”,可以举例:“Take the smartphone as an example. It has made our communication extremely convenient. We can now video - chat with friends and family thousands of miles away in real - time, which was almost impossible in the past.” 智能手机的例子生动地体现了科技对生活的改变。因果法:阐述原因和结果之间的关系,深入分析观点背后的逻辑。例如,在讨论 “为什么学生应该多参加社会实践” 时,可以这样论证:“Students should participate in more social practices because it can help them gain practical skills. By engaging in internships or volunteer activities, they can learn how to solve real - world problems, which is crucial for their future career development.” 这里清晰地说明了参加社会实践与获得实践技能、促进职业发展之间的因果关系。对比法:将两种事物或观点进行对比,突出自己的观点。比如,在论述 “线上学习和线下学习的优劣” 时,可以对比:“Online learning offers great flexibility as students can study at any time and place. However, compared with offline learning, it lacks face - to - face interaction. In a traditional classroom, students can have immediate discussions with teachers and classmates, which can enhance their understanding of knowledge.” 通过对比,让读者更清楚地认识到线上学习和线下学习的特点。
· 结尾段:完美收官结尾段虽然不需要长篇大论,但它的作用不可忽视,一个好的结尾能让文章结构更加完整,给考官留下良好的印象。结尾段要再次声明观点,还可以提出新的希望或解决方案 。比如,在写关于 “环境保护” 的作文时,结尾可以是:“In conclusion, environmental protection is an urgent task that we all should take seriously. We have already seen the negative impacts of environmental degradation, and it"s time for us to take concrete actions. I sincerely hope that everyone can contribute to protecting our planet, and together we can create a more sustainable future.” 这样的结尾,既强调了环境保护的重要性,又表达了对未来的期望,让文章有一个积极向上的收尾 。结构优化小贴士巧用连接词连接词堪称文章结构的 “润滑剂”,能让段落与段落、句子与句子之间的过渡更加自然流畅 。在托福写作中,不同类型的连接词有着不同的作用 。表示顺序:“firstly, secondly, finally”“to begin with, then, next” 等连接词,能清晰地呈现出论述的先后顺序,让文章层次分明。在论述 “如何提高英语水平” 时,可以说“Firstly, reading a large number of English materials can expand your vocabulary. Secondly, listening to English podcasts or watching English movies helps improve your listening skills. Finally, practicing speaking English with native speakers is essential for oral proficiency.”表示并列:“and, as well as, in addition, moreover” 等连接词,用于连接同等重要的信息,丰富文章内容。比如,“Traveling can broaden our horizons and enrich our life experience. In addition, it can also help us make new friends from different cultures.”表示对比:“however, on the contrary, in contrast” 等连接词,能突出事物之间的差异,使观点更加鲜明。像在讨论 “线上学习和线下学习” 时,“Online learning offers great flexibility. However, in contrast to offline learning, it lacks face - to - face interaction.”表示因果:“because, since, as, therefore, as a result” 等连接词,用于阐述原因和结果的关系,增强论证的逻辑性。例如,“He didn"t prepare well for the exam. As a result, he got a low score.”不过,在使用连接词时,要注意适度,避免过度堆砌,不然文章会显得生硬和啰嗦。
避免逻辑陷阱在写作过程中,一定要小心常见的逻辑错误,不然会严重影响文章的质量 。论点与论据不一致:提出的论据要能切实支持论点,不然就会出现 “牛头不对马嘴” 的情况。比如,论点是“运动对身体健康有益”,论据却写成 “运动能让人结交更多朋友”,这就偏离了论点。正确的论据应该是 “Regular exercise can strengthen our muscles and bones, improve our cardiovascular function, and enhance our immune system, thus contributing to better physical health.”论证过程跳跃:论证时推理过程要完整,不能省略关键步骤,否则会让考官觉得逻辑不连贯。比如,A 同学写道:“公司领导听从员工的意见会促进公司的发展”,这样的论述就省略了很多推理步骤。而 B 同学写道:“如果一个公司的领导能听取员工的意见,员工就会认为这个领导比较民主,员工就更愿意提出自己对公司发展的想法,如果这些想法是对的,被领导接纳后无疑省去了领导的思考时间,那么领导就可以把时间用于挖掘人才,和其他公司合作,吸引外商投资,这就为公司的发展创造更多机遇;同时,员工的想法被领导接纳后员工会认为自己对公司是有贡献的,如此以来,他们的工作积极性空前高涨,这样整个公司的工作效率就会提升,这无疑提升了公司形象,因此会吸引更多顾客,这就不至于出现供过于求,资金周转不畅等问题。这无疑促进了公司的发展。” B 同学加入了这些推理过程,使文章显得更加具体,从已知条件推到结论,水到渠成,顺理成章 。
大家在写作时,要仔细检查自己的论证逻辑,确保文章的严密性和合理性。合理的文章结构是托福写作获得高分的关键所在 ,它能让你的文章在众多考生中脱颖而出。从现在开始,在日常练习中运用今天佩迪分享的学习方法,不断优化自己的文章结构,多练习、多总结,相信你的写作水平一定会有质的飞跃 。祝愿大家都能在托福写作考试中取得 28 +、29+、30 的好*,顺利踏上自己的留学之路 !
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